Justice Carpio explains the importance of the 1734 Murillo Velarde map as the first scientific map of the Philippine archipelago that illustrates features like Scarborough Shoal and Spratlys as part of the nation and supports sovereign maritime claims.
Justice Carpio explains why naming features in the South China Sea does not confer sovereignty or maritime rights, outlines how sovereign states can lawfully name features, and notes the historical precedence of Philippine names like those on the 1734 Velarde‑Bagay‑Suarez map.