Spanish hydrographic records

• Panacot: Justice Carpio Reaffirms the Philippines’ Historic Claim Over Scarborough Shoal

  18 November 2025

  Bajo de Masinloc, historical maps, IMOA, Justice Carpio, Malaspina Expedition, Maritime Law, Murillo Velarde, Panacot, Philippine maritime history, Philippine sovereignty, Scarborough Shoal, South China Sea, Spanish hydrographic records, UNCLOS, West Philippine Sea

  Justice Carpio reaffirms Panacot—Bajo de Masinloc—Scarborough Shoal as Philippine territory through centuries of maps, records, and state acts.

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